Introduction
Sound industrial relations and effective social dialogue are a means to promote better wages and working conditions as well as peace and social justice. As instruments of good governance, they foster cooperation and economic performance, helping to create an enabling environment for the realization of the objective of decent work at the national level.
Indicators on industrial relations are an important element in measuring progress towards decent work, which is why ILOSTAT presents statistics on trade union density and collective bargaining coverage rates. ILOSTAT also includes statistics compiled from national sources on the number of strikes and lockouts that took place every year, the number of workers involved in strikes and lockouts, the number of days not worked due to strikes and lockouts and the ratio of days not worked due to strikes and lockouts per 1000 workers, all of them disaggregated by economic activity.
Last but not least, as part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) framework, an indicator on labour rights compliance is now available in the database Labour market-related SDG indicators (ILOSDG).
Concepts and definitions
A trade union is defined as a workers’ organization constituted for the purpose of furthering and defending the interests of workers. For the purposes of promoting international comparability of the statistics presented in ILOSTAT, trade union membership refers only to union members who are employees. That is, it excludes union members who are not in paid employment (self-employed, unemployed, retired, etc.), unless otherwise stated in the notes.
Workers covered by collective bargaining are all those workers whose pay and/or conditions of employment are determined by one or more collective agreement(s). Collective bargaining agreements refer to all agreements in writing regarding working conditions and terms of employment concluded between an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations, on the one hand, and one or more representative workers’ organisations, on the other. Collective bargaining coverage includes, to the extent possible, workers covered by collective agreements by virtue of their extension, as well as workers covered by collective agreements concluded in previous years but still in force.
A strike is a temporary work stoppage carried out by one or more groups of workers with a view to enforcing or resisting demands or expressing grievances, or supporting other workers in their demands or grievances.
A lockout is a total or partial temporary closure of one or more places of employment, or the hindering of the normal work activities of employees, by one or more employers with a view to enforcing or resisting demands or expressing grievances, or supporting other employers in their demands or grievances.
The concept of days not worked as a result of strikes and lockouts refers to the total number of working days during which work would normally have been carried out by each worker involved had there been no stoppage.
The concept of workers involved in a strike or a lockout covers those directly or indirectly involved at any time during a strike or lockout, whether the involvement was for the full duration of the strike or lockout, or only part of it. Workers who are unable to work as a result of the secondary effects of strikes or lockouts should not be included. Workers directly involved in a strike are those who have participated in the stoppage of the work, whereas workers indirectly involved in a strike are those who were unable to work due to a strike. In the case of lockouts, workers directly and indirectly involved refer respectively to the “employees of establishments involved who were directly concerned by the labour dispute and who were prevented from working by the lockout” and “employees of the establishments involved who were not directly concerned by the labour dispute but who were prevented from working by the lockout”.
Employees refer to wage and salaried workers as defined by the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-93). Employees are all those workers who hold “paid employment jobs”. These are jobs where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts which give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work (this unit can be a corporation, a non-profit institution, a government unit or a household).
For further information on statistical standards, refer to the resolutions:
Method of computation
ILOSTAT presents statistics on three calculated indicators on industrial relations, namely the trade union density rate, the collective bargaining coverage rate and the days not worked due to strikes and lockouts per 1000 workers, calculated as follows:
Trade union density rate = Number of employee union members / Total number of employees x 100
For comparability purposes (and as mentioned above) the scope of trade union density statistics in ILOSTAT is employees only (excluding persons not in paid employment), unless otherwise stated in the notes.
Collective bargaining coverage rate = Number of employees covered by collective bargaining / Number of employees with the right to collective bargaining x 100
For comparability purposes, the scope of collective bargaining coverage statistics in ILOSTAT is employees only (excluding persons not in paid employment), unless otherwise stated in the notes. Collective bargaining coverage rates are adjusted for the possibility that some workers do not have the right to bargain collectively over wages (e.g. workers in the public sector who have their wages determined by state regulation or other methods involving consultation), that is, workers who do not have the right to collective bargaining are excluded from the denominator, unless otherwise stated in the notes.
Days not worked due to strikes and lockouts per 1000 workers = Days not worked by workers involved in strikes and lockouts / Number of workers in the reference group x 1’000
Data sources
The most common sources for statistics on trade union membership and collective bargaining coverage are administrative records (maintained by unions or government agencies).
Labour force surveys could also serve as a source of statistics on union membership and collective bargaining coverage. They have an advantage in terms of coverage as they include all types of workers and work situations. The data can also be cross-tabulated with other variables of interest, for example, variables related to employment conditions. However, the possible drawback of using labour force surveys to collect this type of data is that workers may not know their coverage status.
Establishment surveys can be used as an alternative and would deliver higher quality data. However, their coverage is often limited to large, formal sector establishments only.
The most common data sources for statistics on strikes and lockouts are administrative records (such as records of employers’ or workers’ organizations and/or labour relations records). Establishment surveys could also serve as a source of statistics on strikes and lockouts, although their coverage would be typically limited to formal sector establishments of a certain size. Household surveys could be used as an alternative source of information, but the reliability of the statistics would be highly dependent on the accuracy of the respondents.
Uses and limitations
Every industrial relations indicator casts light on a different aspect of a country’s industrial relations system. Thus, the analysis of various industrial relations indicators together would provide a more comprehensive picture of workers’ conditions. As all of these indicators are highly dependent on the national socioeconomic context and the national legal framework, it is important to interpret them keeping these in mind, and perhaps along with indicators on economic growth and labour productivity.
While the trade union density rate gives some indication of the extent to which freedom of association is exercised, it needs to be analysed within the national context (e.g. whether or not workers are free to organise strikes, etc.) and thus should be interpreted within the legal framework. Furthermore, the union density rate should not be used as the sole indicator of the bargaining power of unions. Countries with low density rates may have a very high coverage of workers through collective agreements; countries with high density rates may have very poor social dialogue. Similarly, high density rates do not necessarily reflect a situation where the majority of employed persons may exercise freedom of association.
Likewise, the collective bargaining coverage rate gives some indication as to the exercise of collective bargaining rights but does not necessarily reflect the direct outcome of negotiations. It does, however, reflect to some extent the particularity of the industrial relations system and type of labour regulation to which a country subscribes. This includes the number of collective agreements reached, the bargaining structure, as well as the interaction between the collective bargaining process, administrative regulations and labour law. Centralized collective bargaining structures tend to be associated with high coverage rates. In countries with extension mechanisms, coverage is increased to include enterprises and workers who may not have participated in actual collective bargaining negotiations.
In terms of the quality of data, when data is derived from administrative records, its reliability depends on whether the registration is obligatory or on whether it is done comprehensively. There is a possibility of double counting of workers covered by agreements that are reached at different levels (in the case of multilevel bargaining structures) or of union members who are members of more than one union, or who have changed unions.
For the purposes of statistics disseminated in ILOSTAT, indicators on trade union density and collective bargaining coverage refer only to employees. However, in countries where self-employment represents a large share of employment, it might be interesting to also study the rates using total employment as the reference group.
Publications
Note: Many publications are available only in English. If available in other languages, a new page will open displaying these options.
Guidebook on how and why to collect and use data on industrial relations
This guidebook is intended to support ILO’s tripartite constituents in the collection of data on industrial relations, including on trade union membership, on the coverage of collective bargaining agreements and on strikes and lockouts.
Quick guide on sources and uses of collective bargaining statistics
Collective bargaining statistics are crucial to assess labour markets but also the state of industrial relations. However, the particularities linked with the data sources and data quality make collective bargaining statistics a very challenging field of labour statistics. Get information about all the main aspects of collective bargaining statistics in this quick guide.
Resolution concerning the methodology of the SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights (including amendments)
Adopted by the 20th ICLS (2018), this resolution sets an internationally agreed methodology to measure indicator SDG 8.8.2 on labour rights consistent with the Resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313), Annex taken on 6 July 2017.
Social Dialogue Indicators Comparative Note: Collecting information through Labour Force Surveys
Freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining are at the core of decent work. They are fundamental rights at work and the foundations of sound industrial relations and effective social dialogue. Data and indicators on trade union membership and coverage of collective agreements, together with other qualitative indicators, are important for monitoring the progress made towards the effective realization of these rights at work.
Decent work statistical indicators: strikes and lockouts statistics in the international context
Based on the analysis of the three major international programmes which aim at the regular publication of international labour disputes statistics, the author argues that currently the measure which best reconciles the number of days lost due to industrial action with the varying sizes of countries’ employed population and provides a reasonable basis for international comparisons is the rate of days not worked due to strikes and lockouts (per 1.000 employees).
Sources and Methods Volume 7: Strikes and lockouts (1999)
This volume contains the descriptions of national statistics on strikes and lockouts.
Resolution concerning statistics of strikes, lockouts and other action due to labour disputes
Adopted by the 15th ICLS (1993), this resolution provides guidelines to assist and improve the production of national statistics on action due to labour disputes and to enhance comparability of such statistics between countries.
Resolution concerning statistics of collective agreements
Adopted by the 3rd ICLS (1926), this resolution defines statistics on collective agreements.
Indicator catalogue
| Indicator | Frequency | Database | Subject | Download (with labels) | Download (with codes) | Data explorer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trade union density rate (%) | Annual | Industrial Relations Data (IRdata) | Trade union membership | .csv .dta .xlsx | .csv.gz | |
| Collective bargaining coverage rate (%) | Annual | Industrial Relations Data (IRdata) | Collective bargaining | .csv .dta .xlsx | .csv.gz | |
| Number of strikes and lockouts by economic activity | Annual | Industrial Relations Data (IRdata) | Strikes and lockouts | .csv .dta .xlsx | .csv.gz | |
| Days not worked due to strikes and lockouts by economic activity | Annual | Industrial Relations Data (IRdata) | Strikes and lockouts | .csv .dta .xlsx | .csv.gz | |
| Workers involved in strikes and lockouts by economic activity (thousands) | Annual | Industrial Relations Data (IRdata) | Strikes and lockouts | .csv .dta .xlsx | .csv.gz | |
| Days not worked per 1000 workers due to strikes and lockouts by economic activity (per 1000 workers) | Annual | Industrial Relations Data (IRdata) | Strikes and lockouts | .csv .dta .xlsx | .csv.gz |
